Running a business comes with significant risk. Everyday interactions, such as serving customers, visiting clients or running marketing campaigns, can expose businesses to potential liability. A customer could slip on a wet floor, a contractor could accidentally damage a client’s property, or a marketing campaign could unintentionally harm the reputation of a competitor. Just one single liability incident can trigger an expensive lawsuit and have far-reaching consequences. Beyond potential settlement costs, legal defense costs—even if claims are found to be baseless—can quickly escalate into tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars. Furthermore, litigation can disrupt operations and undermine customer and stakeholder trust.
Fortunately, commercial general liability (CGL) insurance can financially protect businesses against certain third-party claims arising from routine interactions, including bodily injuries, property damage and advertising-related injuries, such as libel or slander. As a result, this coverage helps safeguard business assets and strengthens resilience in the face of unforeseen challenges.
This article discusses what CGL insurance does and doesn’t cover, as well as how this policy supports overall risk management.
What Is CGL Insurance?
CGL insurance provides coverage for legal defense costs, settlements and judgments when covered third-party claims arise. Many policies also include a separate medical payments coverage that can pay certain medical expenses for injured third parties—regardless of fault—helping to resolve incidents early and reduce the risk of lawsuits.
It’s worth noting that a CGL insurer typically has a duty to defend suits alleging damages that may be covered under the policy, even if the insured is ultimately found to have no legal obligation to pay those damages. This is important since defending claims can be costly, even when allegations lack merit.A CGL policy’s core coverage typically includes the following:

Bodily injury—Coverage for claims alleging physical harm to a third-party caused by conditions on the premises or through business operations (e.g., a customer slips and falls in a store).
Property damage—Coverage for claims alleging damage to a third-party’s property resulting from business operations, completed work or a product the business had made, sold or distributed (e.g., a contractor’s work accidentally breaks a water pipe in a client’s home, causing damage).
Personal/advertising injury—Coverage for claims alleging libel, slander, defamation, invasion of privacy or copyright infringement (e.g., a competitor alleges that a company’s advertisement misuses their copyrighted material).

Coverage terms vary, but bodily injury and property damage coverage may apply to incidents occurring during operations, as well as claims related to completed work or products.
What CGL Insurance Does Not Cover
While CGL insurance provides broad coverage, it doesn’t cover all possible claim scenarios. For instance, injuries to employees are typically covered by workers’ compensation insurance, damage to a business’s own equipment or property is covered by commercial property insurance and accidents involving business vehicles are covered by commercial auto insurance. Moreover, although CGL insurance covers nonprofessional negligent acts that result in bodily injury or property damage, it does not cover mistakes or errors in professional advice given to customers (e.g., a consultant providing flawed advice that results in financial loss)—this type of risk is typically addressed by errors and omissions insurance. CGL insurance also typically won’t cover claims resulting from expected or intended injury, criminal acts, or other forms of intentional wrongdoing.
Additionally, CGL insurance can’t pay for covered claims that exceed the policy’s limits. CGL policies have a per-occurrence limit (the maximum amount an insurer will pay for a single covered claim) and an aggregate limit (the maximum amount the insurer will pay for all claims within the policy period—typically 12 months). Should either of these limits be exhausted, the business will be responsible for paying any remaining costs out of pocket. Commercial umbrella insurance can increase liability limits for businesses with high exposure to liability risks.
The Risk and Cost of Not Having CGL Insurance
Frequent customer interactions, coupled with today’s litigious climate, can leave businesses vulnerable to liability claims, and lawsuits can arise even when a company has done nothing wrong. Without CGL insurance, the financial burden of such claims can drain cash reserves and halt business operations. Legal disputes can escalate quickly, and the cost of defense, settlements, medical expenses and property damage can far exceed what an uninsured company can afford. Ultimately, businesses without CGL insurance—or with insufficient limits—risk insolvency or permanent closure in the event of a single large claim.
Many leases, contracts and vendor agreements require CGL insurance as a condition of doing business. Therefore, companies without CGL insurance may struggle to comply with contractual obligations, thereby hindering business opportunities.
How CGL Insurance Fits Into Overall Risk Management
CGL acts at the “first line of defense” against common risks such as bodily injury and property damage. However, CGL alone may be insufficient for businesses with large-scale operations or high-risk exposures. In such cases, commercial umbrella insurance or excess liability coverage can provide additional coverage beyond the limits of a CGL policy.
Businesses must also pay close attention to contractual obligations. Business contracts may specify minimum liability limits or require specific endorsements. Understanding how CGL interacts with other policies and contractual requirements is an essential part of overall risk management.
Practical Steps for Business Owners
Businesses should consider the following risk mitigation tips:

Map out risk exposure. Organizations should assess potential liability claims, considering factors such as customer interactions, advertising practices, and premises and operational hazards, to select appropriate coverage limits and avoid gaps in protection.
Review business contracts. Organizations should examine the insurance requirements and liability clauses of leases, vendor agreements, and client contracts to ensure that CGL coverage meets contractual obligations and determine whether additional protection (e.g., commercial umbrella) is required.
Work with a reputable insurance agent or broker. Organizations should collaborate with an experienced insurance professional to evaluate liability exposures, select appropriate CGL limits and identify any additional policies (e.g., commercial property, professional liability or umbrella coverage) needed for comprehensive protection.
Periodically reassess coverage needs. Organizations should regularly review their coverage requirements as the business evolves to account for changes in operations, customer footfall and services that may increase liability risks and necessitate higher limits or additional endorsements.

Conclusion
Situations where companies may be held responsible for harm to customers, clients or guests can arise in any sector, even when strong precautions are in place. CGL insurance is a critical financial baseline for many businesses, helping to manage everyday risks and prevent potentially ruinous financial losses. Combined with other insurance and risk management practices, CGL insurance allows businesses to focus on growth—not unforeseen liabilities.
For more risk management resources, contact INSURICA today.
This is not intended to be exhaustive nor should any discussion or opinions be construed as legal advice. Readers should contact legal counsel or an insurance professional for appropriate advice. ©2026 Zywave, Inc. All rights reserved